Taxable Talk

From Russ Fox, E.A., of Clayton Financial and Tax of Irvine, CA
All items below are for information only and are not meant as tax advice.
Please consult your own tax advisor to see how each item impacts your own situation.
Murphy Undone
Thanks to Paul Caron of the TaxProf Blog for letting us know that the D.C. Circuit has vacated the Murphy decision. The Murphy case was the one that said that the 16th Amendment made unconstitutional taxes on the recovery of a non-physical personal injury not related to lost wages or earnings (§104(a)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code). That decision was generally criticized at the time it was issued.

So the same panel will look at the issue again in early 2007. We'll see if they come up with the same answer or not. In the meantime, the government's request for an en banc panel of the entire D.C. Circuit was thrown out as moot. However, expect appeals no matter which side wins at next year's rehearing.

There's a complete set of links available at the TaxProf Blog.
The IRS Shoots Itself in the Feet
The Tax Court today once again had to look at the case of Raymond Wright. Back in 2002 Mr. Wright's case had been reviewed by the Tax Court; the case was then appealed to the Second Circuit and remanded back to the Tax Court. Back in 2003 Mr. Wright thought he paid off his tax debt when he sent the IRS $15,550; the payoff amount came from the IRS.

The Appeals Court asked the Tax Court to review:

"(a)Whether petitioner’s 1993 tax refund was sent to him by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in 1994; (b) if not, whether petitioner timely received notice from the IRS that his refund had not been applied to his 1987 and 1989 tax deficiencies; (c) if not, whether petitioner’s current tax liability should be consequently adjusted by, inter alia, an abatement of interest pursuant to section 6404(e); and (d) in any case, whether the current interest abatement that petitioner had already received was correct in the light of (1) the IRS’s failure to give petitioner the appropriate withholding credits for 1987 and 1989, and (2) his June 21, 1994, payment of $6,681.22."

The Tax Court then goes into detail about the actions of the two parties. It's difficult to fight the government. As I've commented on before, the burden of proof in Tax Court is generally with the petitioner, not the IRS. Indeed, Mr. Wright was representing himself.

Yet throughout the discussion of the case, the IRS comes off as inept, deceiving, and potentially, evading the Court. Some examples from the opinion: "On December 6, 2005, despite the Court’s statement in the November 7, 2005, order that we would not be inclined to grant any continuances in this case, respondent filed a motion for continuance of trial." "The extended proceedings of this case recounted supra have brought to light the numerous misstatements and errors made by respondent through the handling of petitioner’s 1987 and 1989 tax years." And:
"During the appeal and remand, respondent and respondent’s witnesses recounted numerous errors regarding the handling of petitioner’s 1987 and 1989 tax years--and oftentimes neither respondent nor the witness could account for how those errors occurred. As recently as his August 28, 2006, status report, respondent essentially admitted that the IRS made mistakes regarding the computation of petitioner’s interest, including, but not limited to, quoting petitioner an incorrect payoff figure and sending petitioner an allegedly “erroneous” refund on account of respondent’s erroneous calculations and a keystroke error by an IRS employee."


There's plenty more in this opinion that damning towards the IRS. Suffice to say,
"Petitioner’s testimony (at both trials) was credible. He consistently testified and averred that he did not receive his 1993 refund. Respondent contended, however, that petitioner received his 1993 refund in 1995. The documentary and testimonial evidence respondent offered was contradictory, contained numerous errors, and lacked credibility. Furthermore, this contention is a concession by respondent that petitioner was correct and that respondent did not send the 1993 refund to petitioner in 1994.


There's much, much more in this opinion. Most of the time when I read a Tax Court case, the petitioner comes off as someone who has deliberately evaded the law. In this case it appears that it's the IRS that has had problems with the truth.

Case: Wright v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 2006-273
The New York Times Mentions Taxing Virtual Worlds
This morning's New York Times has a brief piece on taxing income producing transactions of virtual worlds. The Times notes that a precedent does exist for taxing such activities: barter. Indeed, back in the 1970s the IRS implemented regulations on the taxation of barter (thus, today's Form 1099-B).

Luckily for participants in the virtual worlds, it will probably take the IRS some time to determine what they'll do (besides saying, "That's so weird.").

Related Posts (on one page):

  1. The New York Times Mentions Taxing Virtual Worlds
  2. Taxing the Virtual World, Redux
Taxing the Virtual World, Redux
I've previously written about taxing the virtual world. Let's say you're playing an online game, one of those that have their own worlds, such as EverQuest or SecondLife. I own Russ' Gold Depot, and you agree to purchase those 100 acres from me for $100 — not 100 gold pieces, but 100 real U.S. Dollars. What's my income?

The U.S. Tax Code would subject me to tax on the gain. After all, my basis is $0, and now I have $100, right? Luckily, the IRS' current opinion is "That's so weird."

Unfortunately for online enthusiasts, that opinion is unlikely to hold for long. Last Saturday a panel at New York University actually debated this issue. "Tax and Finance at the State of Play/Terra Nova Symposium had several speakers talking about this issue according to a CNet report.

"Given growth rates of 10 to 15 percent a month, the question is when, not if, Congress and IRS start paying attention to these issues," said Dan Miller, a senior economist with the Congress' Joint Economic Committee told CNet.

Another interesting issue might confront heirs of online real estate magnates. Suppose I own $1 million in virtual land. Does this virtual real estate factor into my estate?

Or what if I trade assets, going from a red paperclip to a house (like Kyle MacDonald of Canada)? Bartering is absolutely taxable, so wouldn't I owe real tax on my gains?

Unfortunately for virtual world fans, it's almost a certainty that the IRS and other government agencies will look into this eventually. So if I do sell my gold depot, I'm also likely to come into possession of a slip of paper: a 1099-MISC reporting the transaction to the IRS.

Related Posts (on one page):

  1. The New York Times Mentions Taxing Virtual Worlds
  2. Taxing the Virtual World, Redux